Internação de adictos em lugares fechados e redução de danos.
Era uma aula de análise experimental do comportamento sobre ressurgência (recaída). Ressurgência é quando um comportamento anteriormente gratificado deixa de ser fortalecido e um comportamento anterior na história do indivíduo se recupera (o segundo mais gratificante). Ele disse que quando o contexto de tratamento é diferente do contexto de vida onde acontece os comportamentos indesejados (seja uso abusivo de drogas ou outros comportamentos). O contexto fechado fortalece comportamentos incompatíveis com a recaída. Mas quando a pessoa sai do lugar fechado esses comportamentos desejados podem se enfraquecer e os comportamentos antigos se recuperam. O que favorece isso é estar num ambiente aberto nada gratificante, pouco gratificante, ser punido, a demora para ser gratificado e o estresse. Acredito que também vale para internação psiquiátrica. Isso tudo descrito em linguagem experimental de laboratório com animais e com humanos. Já sobre a redução de danos os experimentos de laboratório mostram que uma dose pequena da droga faz com que comportamentos de recaída não se recuperem.
Resurgence of alcohol seeking produced by discontinuing
non-drug reinforcement as an animal model of drug relapse
Christopher A. Podlesnik, Corina Jimenez-Gomez and Timothy A. Shahan
Findings from basic behavioral research suggest that
simply discontinuing reinforcement for a recently
reinforced operant response can cause the recurrence
(i.e. resurgence) of a different previously reinforced
response. The present experiment examined resurgence
as an animal model of drug relapse. Initially, rats pressed
levers to self-administer alcohol during baseline
conditions. Next, alcohol self-administration was
discontinued and non-drug reinforcers (food pellets) were
presented contingent on an alternative response
(chain pulling). Finally, when the non-drug reinforcer was
discontinued, alcohol seeking recurred even though
alcohol was still unavailable for lever pressing. These
results suggest that simply discontinuing non-drug
reinforcement for a behavior may be sufficient to produce
relapse to drug seeking. The resurgence procedure
could provide a method to examine environmental,
pharmacological, and neurobiological factors that lead to
relapse following the loss of a non-drug source of
reinforcement. Behavioural Pharmacology 17:369–374
c 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Loss of Alternative Non-Drug Reinforcement Induces Relapse
of Cocaine-Seeking in Rats: Role of Dopamine D1 Receptors
Stacey L Quick1,2, Adam D Pyszczynski1
, Kelli A Colston1 and Timothy A Shahan*,1
1
Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA; 2
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Animal models of relapse to drug seeking have focused primarily on relapse induced by exposure to drugs, drug-associated cues or
contexts, and foot-shock stress. However, relapse in human drug abusers is often precipitated by loss of alternative non-drug
reinforcement. The present experiment used a novel ‘resurgence’ paradigm to examine relapse to cocaine seeking of rats as a result of
loss of an alternative source of non-drug reinforcement. Rats were first trained to press a lever for intravenous infusions of cocaine. Next,
cocaine deliveries were omitted and food pellets were provided for an alternative nose-poke response. Once cocaine seeking was
reduced to low levels, food pellets for the alternative response were also omitted. Cocaine seeking increased with the loss of the
alternative non-drug reinforcer (ie, resurgence occurred) despite continued extinction conditions. The increase in cocaine seeking did not
occur in another group of rats injected with SCH 23390 before the loss of the alternative reinforcer. These results suggest that removal
of an alternative source of reinforcement may induce relapse of cocaine seeking and that the dopamine D1 receptor may have a role in
this effect.
Neuropsychopharmacology (2011) 36, 1015–1020; doi:10.1038/npp.2010.239; published online 12 January 2011
Keywords: relapse; cocaine; dopamine; resurgence; alternative reinforcement
